Do you know what precautions should be taken when using reagents? Different reagents have different protective measures, so let's take a look.
1. Gloves and goggles need to be worn, 57 types;
2. 55 kinds of classes that need to be operated in a fume hood;
3. 8 types that need to be operated in a chemical fume hood;
Gloves and goggles should be brought
1. Tris, hydroxymethylolaminomethane: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.
2. Glycolic acid: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Avoid inhaling dust.3. X-galactose (X-gal): toxic to the eyes and skin. Follow the usual precautions when using powders. It should be noted that the X-gal solution is prepared in an organic solvent (DMF).4. β-galactosidase: irritating and can produce allergic reactions. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles.5. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF): it is a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor. It is extremely damaging to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Wear appropriate gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood. In the unlikely event that the eyes or skin come into contact with this medicine, rinse immediately with plenty of water and discard contaminated clothing.6. Benzoic acid: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles and do not inhale.7. Benzyl benzoate: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Avoid contact with eyes. Wear appropriate gloves and goggles.8. Phenylethanol: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles and keep away from fires, sparks, and open flames.9. Proteinase K: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles.10. Sodium azide: It is highly toxic and can block the cytochrome electron transport system. Solutions containing this drug should be clearly labeled. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles and use them with care. This medicine is an oxidizing agent, so it should be kept away from combustible materials.11. Xylene blue: see xylene.Note: Xylene: flammable, high concentration has anesthetic effect. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Always keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.12. Radioactive substances: When a planned experiment involves the use of radioactive substances, the following should be included: the physical and chemical properties of the isotope (such as half-life, radioactive type, radiation energy), the chemical form of the radioactive substance, its total radioactivity (specific activity), chemical concentration, how much needs to be used, always wear gloves and goggles, and wear laboratory work clothes when using radioactive materials. X-rays and γ-rays are short-wave electromagnetic waves emitted by radioactive material generated by instruments, which are emitted from radioactive sources or concentrated into beams. Their potential danger is determined by the time of exposure, intensity, and its wavelength.13. High-pressure glassware: Be extra careful. Glassware in pressure cookers and metal containers should be placed in a metal mesh or a pulp partition. Glassware such as vacuum collectors, drying equipment or reactors under argon should be handled with caution when using vacuum. Wear eye protection.14. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS): It is a volatile organic solvent that can induce mutations and mutations and carcinogenesis in the body. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm.15. Sodium pyrophosphate: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.16. Polyacrylamide: non-toxic, but it should still be used with caution because it may contain a small amount of unpolymerized substances.17. Polyethylene glycol (PEG): inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Avoid inhaling the powder. Wear gloves and goggles.18. Strain (transportation): The health education and welfare department divides various bacteria into different categories according to the transportation equipment. The non-pathogenic species of E. coli (K12) and Bacillus subtilis are a class that is non-hazardous or very harmful under normal transportation conditions. However, some species of Salmonella, Haemophilus, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas are in the second category. The second group of bacteria is "general potential hazard agents: can cause diseases of varying severity, but can be operated under ordinary laboratory techniques." ”19. Phenylenediamine: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.20. Coomassie Brilliant Blue: Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.21. Coupling agent (DMP): irritates the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. It can exert its toxicity by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Do not inhale gases and wear gloves, a face shield, and goggles.22. Streptomycin: toxic, suspected to be a carcinogen and mutation inducer. Can cause allergic reactions. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.23. Dibutyl phthalate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale gas.24. Phosphoric acid: high corrosiveness. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.25. Sodium phosphate: irritates the eyes and skin. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.26. Guanidine thiocyanate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.27. Guanidine thiocyanate: see guanidine thiocyanate.28. Propyl gallate (NPG0): see benzoic acid.29. Sodium citrate: see citric acid.30. Citric acid: irritating. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.31. Boric acid: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.32. Potassium hydroxide: highly toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. The solution is strongly alkaline, so use it with caution. Wear gloves.33. Sodium hydroxide: the solution is highly toxic and alkaline, so be careful to use it. Wear gloves. All other highly concentrated alkaline solutions should be handled in a similar manner.34. Sodium deoxycholate: irritates mucous membranes and respiratory tract. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. When working with powder, wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.35. Chloroform: irritating to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and respiratory tract. It is a carcinogen that can damage the liver and kidneys. It is also volatile, so avoid inhaling volatile gases. Wear appropriate gloves and safety glasses when operating and always perform in a chemical fume hood.36. Lysozyme: corrosive to mucous membranes. Wear gloves and goggles.37. Trichloroacetic acid: strong corrosiveness. Wear gloves and goggles.38. Sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS): toxic and irritating, with the risk of serious eye damage. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.39. Bis-acrylamide: is a potential neurotoxin that can be absorbed through the skin and avoid inhalation.40. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.41. Tetrazolium nitrogen blue: dangerous, operate with caution.42. Sodium carbonate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.43, isotope 125I; In the thyroid gland, it is a potential health killer. Isotopes in all forms are masked with lead plates. When working with isotopes, wear one or two pairs of gloves, depending on the amount of isotope used and the difficulty of the operation.44. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside: toxic to eyes and skin. Dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.45. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-phosphate: toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.46. Ethylpyrine bromoethylphyllin: a strong mutagenizing agent, toxic. Avoid inhaling dust. Wear gloves when handling solutions containing this dye.47. Blood (human) and blood products and Epstein virus: It may contain hidden infectious substances, such as hepatitis B virus and HIV, which may cause experimental upper room infection. Wear disposable gloves and use a sniffer-style straw in a biosafety cabinet to prevent suspension and contamination. Contaminated plasticware is subjected to high-pressure disposal before being discarded; Contaminated liquids are treated with bleaching powder for at least 30min before being treated at high pressure or discarded.48. N,N'-methyleneacrylamide: a poison that acts on the central nervous system. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. It is irritating. Wear gloves and goggles.49. Guanidine hydrochloride: irritates mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin and eyes. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.50. Guanidine hydrochloride: see guanidine hydrochloride.51. Ethanol: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.52. Ethylnitrosourea: see N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea53. Sodium acetate: see acetic acid.54. Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG): Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles.55. Isobutylate: toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale its gas.56. Guanidine isothiocyanate: see guanidine thiocyanate.57. Sodium lauroyl ester: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.The type that needs to be operated in a fume hood
1. Phenylenediamine: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.2. Phenol: highly toxic and highly corrosive, which can cause serious burns. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear appropriate gloves and goggles, wear protective clothing, and operate in a fume hood. If there is skin contact with the drug, rinse with plenty of water and wash with soap and water, not ethanol.3. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF): a highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor. It is extremely damaging to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Wear appropriate gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood. In the unlikely event that the eyes or skin come into contact with this medicine, rinse immediately with plenty of water and discard contaminated clothing.4. Propidium iodide: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause injury. Irritation of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. It can induce mutations and may cause cancer. Wear gloves and goggles, wear protective clothing, and handle the fume hood carefully.5. Iodoacetamide: can base the amino groups on proteins, thereby affecting the amino acid sequence analysis of antigens. Toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood and do not inhale dust.6. Paraformaldehyde: highly toxic. It is easily absorbed through the skin and is severely damaging to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Avoid inhaling dust. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood. Paraformaldehyde is the undissociated form of formaldehyde.7,3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride: a carcinogenic agent, be handled with great care. Avoid inhaling gases. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.8. Xylene: flammable, high concentration has anesthetic effect. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Always keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.9. Sodium diaformostoate: may be a carcinogen and contains arsenic, which is highly toxic. Wear gloves and goggles and operate only in a fume hood.10. N,N-dimethylamide (DMF): irritates eyes, skin and mucous membranes. It can exert its toxicity through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Chronic inhalation can lead to liver and kidney damage. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood.11. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood. DMSO is stored in a sealed container as a combustible. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames. DMSO is a dimethyl sulfoxide and is versatile.It is used as a solvent for acetylene, aromatics, sulfur dioxide and other gases, as well as a solvent for spinning acrylic fibers. It is an extremely important aprotic polar solvent that is soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It has strong permeability to the skin and helps the drug to penetrate into the body. It can also be used as an additive for pesticides and a very important chemical reagent; DMSO is also a permeable protective agent, which can reduce the freezing point of cells, reduce the formation of ice crystals, reduce the damage of free radicals to cells, and change the permeability of biofilms to electrolytes, drugs, poisons and metabolites, but studies have shown that DMSO has serious toxic effects, which interact with protein hydrophobic groups, resulting in protein denaturation, vascular toxicity and liver and kidney toxicity;DMSO is a relatively toxic thing, when using it to avoid its volatilization, to prepare 1% ~ 5% ammonia for backup, after the skin is stained, wash with a large amount of water and dilute ammonia. The most common are nausea, vomiting, rash, and garlic, onion, and oyster odors on the skin and exhaled gas;Inhalation: high volatile concentrations may cause headache, dizziness and sedation;Skin: Burns and stings the skin, as can be seen with rashes and blisters. If dimethyl sulfoxide comes into contact with aqueous skin, it will cause a thermal reaction. Avoid contact with dimethyl sulfoxide solutions that contain toxic raw materials or substances, because their toxicity is not known, while dimethyl sulfoxide may penetrate into the skin, and under certain conditions, toxic substances will be substituted into the skin;Absorption: The risk of absorption is very low;12. Dithiothreitol (DTT): It is a strong reducing agent with a foul odor. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. When working in solid form or with highly concentrated solutions, wear gloves and goggles and operate inside a fume hood.13. 4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI): may be a carcinogenic agent. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Can cause irritation. Avoid inhalation. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood.14. Formaldehyde: highly toxic and volatile. It is also a carcinogen. It can be absorbed through the skin and can cause irritation or damage to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Avoid inhaling gases. Wear gloves and goggles. Always operate in a fume hood. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.15. Formic acid: It is highly toxic and has great damage to mucosal tissues, upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.16. Formamide: can cause teratogenesis. Its volatile gases irritate the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. When handling high concentrations of formamide, it should be done in a fume hood. Cover the reaction solution as much as possible.17. Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC): It is a potential protein deterioration agent and a suspected carcinogenic agent. When opening, do not point the mouth of the bottle towards the operator or others. The pressure inside the bottle can cause splashing. Wear gloves and lab coats and operate in a fume hood.DEPC stands for diethylprocarbonate, which can inactivate various proteins and is a strong inhibitor of RNase. DEPC is a potential carcinogen and should be operated in ventilated conditions and avoid contact with the skin. DEPC toxicity is not very strong, but the toxicity of inhalation is the strongest, wear a mask when using it. If it accidentally gets on your hands, be careful to rinse immediately. R-Nase Away™ reagent is an easy, inexpensive, and non-toxic alternative to DEPC. Simply pour R-Nase AwayTM directly onto the surface of glassware and plasticware, soak it and rinse it with water to remove, i.e., R-Nase can be quickly removed from the surface of the vessel without residue interfering with subsequent experiments.18. Leupepticin: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.19. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.20. Potassium phosphate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust, operate in a fume hood.21. Sodium hydrogen phosphate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.22. Sulfuric acid: highly toxic, with great damage to mucosal tissues, upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Burns can be caused and fire can occur in contact with other substances such as paper. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a fume hood.23. Magnesium sulfate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.24. Chloroform: irritates the eyes, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes. It is a carcinogenic agent. It is hepatic and nephrotoxic. Volatile. Avoid inhaling vapors. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.25. Ammonium chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.26. Calcium chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.27. Potassium chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.28. Magnesium chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.29. Manganese chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.30. Ferric chloride: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.31. Zinc chloride: corrosive and potentially dangerous to the fetus. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.32. 3-(N-morpholine)-propanesulfonic acid: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Irritation of the eyes, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.33. Hydroxylamine: corrosive and toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.34. Ammonium hydroxide: an aqueous solution of ammonia. Corrosive. Be careful when operating. Ammonia can be volatilized from ammonia and is corrosive, toxic, and explosive. Wear gloves. Must be operated in a fume hood.35. Colchicine: highly toxic, can be fatal, can lead to cancer and heritable genetic damage. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Do not inhale dust.36. β-mercaptoethanol: It can be fatal if inhaled or absorbed into the skin, and harmful to ingestion. The highly concentrated solution is extremely damaging to mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, skin and eyes. β-mercaptoethanol has an unpleasant odor. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.37. Triethylamine: highly toxic and flammable. It is highly corrosive to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Always operate in a fume hood. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.38. Triethanolamine: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Always operate in a fume hood. Sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS): toxic and irritating, with a risk of serious eye damage. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust.39. Tetracycline: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.40. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: great damage to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Inhalation can be fatal, and prolonged exposure can cause severe irritation or burns. Wear gloves and goggles. Wear protective clothing and must operate in a fume hood. Wash thoroughly after use. Flammable, its volatile gas can reach a certain distance, forming an ignition source, and a fire occurs instantly. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.41. Pepstatin: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.42. Pepstatin: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.43. Nitric acid: volatile, be careful when operating. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames.44. Silver nitrate: strong oxidant, handle with care. Dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Explosion occurs in contact with other substances.45. Bromophenol blue: skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.46. 5-bromo-2'-deoxyureaside: it is a teratogenic agent. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. It is irritating. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.47. Spermidine: corrosive. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. It is irritating. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.48. Potassium ferrocyanide: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. It is irritating. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate with considerable caution inside the fume hood. Keep away from strong acids. Hydrochloric acid: volatile. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can be fatal. It is extremely damaging to the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.49. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU): carcinogenic, a potential mutation inducer. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. Wash all items that have come into contact with ENU with 1 ml/LNaOH solution.50. Ammonium acetate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.51. Ethanolamine: toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood. It is highly corrosive and can react strongly with acids.52. Acetic acid: Be very careful when using it. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.53. Aprotinin: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage and can also lead to allergic reactions. Exposure to it can cause gastrointestinal reactions, muscle pain, changes in blood pressure or bronchospasm. Wear gloves and goggles. Do not inhale dust and must operate in a fume hood.54. Uranyl acetate: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.55. Lithium chloride: irritates the eyes, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles. Operate in a fume hood.56、EB：EB (Ethidium bromide) Ethidium bromide is a highly sensitive fluorescent stain for the visualization of DNA in agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Ethidium bromide is excited and emits an orange-red signal with a standard 302 nm UV transilluminator, and the most common method for observing DNA in agarose gels is stained with the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide, which contains a tricyclic planar group that can be embedded between the DNA stacking bases. Its binding to DNA has little to no base sequence specificity.In saturated solutions with high ionic strength, approximately one ethidium bromide molecule is inserted every 2.5 bases. When a dye molecule is inserted, its planar groups are perpendicular to the axis of the helix and interact with the upper and lower bases through van der Waals forces. The fixed position of this group and its close proximity to the base results in a fluorescent dye that binds to DNA with an increased fluorescence yield than the dye in free solution.DNA absorbs ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm and passes it to the dye, while the bound dye itself absorbs light radiation at 302 nm and 366 nm. In both cases, the absorbed energy is re-emitted at 590 nm in the red-orange region of the visible spectrum. Since the fluorescence yield of ethidium bromide-DNA complexes is 20~30 times higher than that of dyes without binding DNA, as few as 10 ng of DNA bands can be detected when the gel contains free ethidium bromide (0.5 μg/mL).Ethidium bromide can be embedded in base molecules, resulting in mismatches. Ethidium bromide is a strong mutagen and is highly carcinogenic! It will evaporate at 60~70 degrees (so it is better not to add it when the gel is too hot, or it should be added to the liquid, 0.5μg/mL, staining for half an hour) (when the EB is added too much, the stained gel can also be soaked in water at room temperature for 20min to reduce the background fluorescence caused by the unbound EB);Purification of ethidium bromide solution*Due to the toxicity of ethidium bromide, after the experiment, the EB-containing solution should be purified and disposed of to avoid polluting the environment and endangering human health:(1) For solutions with EB content greater than 0.5mg/mL, they can be treated as follows:(1) Dilute the EB solution with water to a concentration of less than 0.5mg/mL;
(2) Add double the volume of 0.5mol/L KMnO4, mix well, then add the same amount of 25mol/L HCl, mix well, and leave at room temperature for several hours;
(3) Add double the volume of 2.5mol/L NaOH, mix well and discard.(2) The solution with EB content less than 0.5mg/mL can be treated as follows:
(1) add activated carbon at the amount of 1mg/mL, shake and mix from time to time, and leave at room temperature for 1 hour;
(2) Filter with filter paper and seal the activated carbon with the filter paper and discard.Species that need to be operated in a chemical fume hood
1. Acrylamide (unpolymerized): It is a potential neurotoxin that can be absorbed through the skin (with a cumulative effect). Avoid inhaling dust. When weighing acrylamide and methylene biamide powders, wear gloves and a mask and operate in a chemical fume hood. Polymerized acrylamide is non-toxic, but care should be taken when using it, as there may be a small amount of unpolymerized acrylamide.It is a moderately toxic substance. It can enter the human body through skin absorption and respiratory tract, so it is necessary to wear protective equipment such as gas clothing, gas masks and gas gloves during handling and use. The harm of acrylamide is mainly to cause neurotoxicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. Neurotoxic effects manifest as degenerative changes in peripheral nerves and in the brain involved in learning, memory, and other cognitive functions, and trials have also shown acrylamide to be a possible carcinogen, and epidemiological observations in occupationally exposed populations have shown symptoms of drowsiness, mood and memory changes, hallucinations, and tremors associated with long-term low-dose exposure to acrylamide, accompanied by peripheral neuropathy such as glove-like sensation, sweating, and muscle weakness. Cumulative toxicity, not easy to detoxify. Polymerized acrylamide is non-toxic, but care should be taken when using it, as there may be a small amount of unpolymerized acrylamide.Those who have any of the following can be listed as subjects for observation for chronic acrylamide poisoning:a. Excessive sweating, clammy and cold, peeling, and erythema on the local skin exposed to acrylamide;
b. Symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness of lower limbs, and drowsiness at the extremities;
c. Neuro-electromyography showing suspicious neurogenic lesions;Treatment principle:
B vitamins and energy mixtures can be used, supplemented by physical therapy, physiotherapy and symptomatic treatment.Patients with severe poisoning should also be treated with intensive supportive care.Radioactive material: When a planned experiment involves the use of radioactive material, the following should be included: the physicochemical properties of the isotope (e.g., half-life, radioactive type, radiation energy), the chemical form of the radioactive substance, its total radioactivity (specific activity), chemical concentration, how much is needed to be predetermined, gloves and goggles should always be worn when working with radioactive material, and laboratory work clothes should be worn. X-rays and γ-rays are short-wave electromagnetic waves emitted by radioactive material generated by instruments, which are emitted from radioactive sources or concentrated into beams. Their potential danger is determined by the time of exposure, intensity, and its wavelength.2. Actinomycin D: It is a teratotoxin and carcinogenic agent, which is highly toxic. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption can cause harm and even fatal. Inhalation should be avoided. Wear gloves and goggles, and always operate in a chemical fume hood to allow actinomycetes D to break down by light.3. Ammonium perdisulfate: It is extremely destructive to mucosal tissues, upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Inhalation can be fatal. Wear gloves and goggles, and wear protective clothing. Must be operated in a chemical fume hood. Wash thoroughly after operation.4. Hydrogen peroxide: corrosive, toxic, and highly damaging to the skin. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Wear gloves and goggles and operate only in a chemical fume hood.5. Cycloacetylimide: inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause damage. Wear gloves and goggles and operate only in a chemical fume hood.6. Sulforicin acid (dihydrate): It is extremely destructive to the mucous membrane and respiratory system. Do not inhale dust, wear gloves and goggles, and operate in a chemical fume hood.7. Methotrexate (MTX): a carcinogenic agent and teratogenic agent. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Exposure to it can lead to gastrointestinal reactions, bone marrow suppression, liver or kidney damage. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a chemical fume hood.8. Methanol: toxic and can cause blindness. Inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption can cause harm. Adequate ventilation should be provided to reduce volatile gases. Do not inhale these gases. Wear gloves and goggles and operate in a chemical fume hood.
